Transferrin saturation (TSAT) measures the percentage of transferrin, a blood protein, that is bound to iron. It reflects how much iron is available for vital processes like oxygen transport and energy production. TSAT is calculated by dividing serum iron by total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and multiplying by 100. Low TSAT levels can indicate iron deficiency, while high levels may suggest iron overload conditions like hemochromatosis.