The Serum Osmolality test measures the concentration of solutes, such as sodium, potassium, glucose, and urea, in the blood. It helps assess the body’s water balance and the ability of the kidneys to concentrate or dilute urine. Abnormal serum osmolality levels can indicate dehydration, overhydration, or electrolyte imbalances and are commonly used in evaluating conditions like kidney disease, heart failure, and certain toxic ingestions.